更新時(shí)間：2022-12-20 07:53:31作者：admin2
2021年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試D篇
原文鏈接：
2021全國(guó)乙卷D篇文本
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干擾) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street ―so I can focus. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分貝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group―those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise―not too loud and not total silence―may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind ofdistracted focusappears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence.
B. 50 decibels.
C. 70 decibels.
D. 85 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
35.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He's a news reporter. B. He’s on office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
答案：ACDD
解讀：
文章大意：辦公環(huán)境“噪音”對(duì)環(huán)境當(dāng)中的“人的大腦”的影響。“帶入式”噪音和“非帶入式噪音”是有差別的。文本詞數(shù)：394。
本文本因?yàn)閷?duì)原文進(jìn)行了大量的刪減。所以可以看出刪除部分包含以文章main idea為核心的相關(guān)research, 也就是缺少了連貫的科學(xué)研究過(guò)程的闡述，且以作者第一人稱來(lái)敘述，研究并非作者親自參與，所以文章style屬于敘事體，高考當(dāng)中的文本體裁趨近界定為nonfiction范疇的類科普說(shuō)明文（事實(shí)上是缺少科普文所應(yīng)該具備的要素的）。
文章當(dāng)中有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息詞匯coworking space。
拓展信息：
聯(lián)合辦公（共享辦公）是一種為降低辦公室租賃成本的辦公模式，來(lái)自不同公司的個(gè)人在聯(lián)合辦公空間中共同工作，在特別設(shè)計(jì)和安排的辦公空間中共享辦公環(huán)境，彼此獨(dú)立完成各自項(xiàng)目。同樣的，其應(yīng)該具有以下四個(gè)要素：輕服務(wù)――免費(fèi)提供公共辦公空間、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、茶水、打印、安保服務(wù)等夠靈活――即租即用，租期靈活，領(lǐng)包入住分割式――一個(gè)辦公場(chǎng)地被劃分為許多小塊，按照自身需求尋找相應(yīng)共享式――來(lái)自不同公司的個(gè)人共享一個(gè)辦公環(huán)境，更加強(qiáng)調(diào)空間與人之間的連接。國(guó)內(nèi)的聯(lián)合辦公行業(yè)，各品牌已經(jīng)開(kāi)始有自己較為明晰對(duì)的定位和細(xì)分客群， 優(yōu)客工場(chǎng)和氪空間擁有現(xiàn)如今國(guó)內(nèi)最大的空間數(shù)量以及經(jīng)營(yíng)面積，主張便捷高效的辦公理念，在引入多元化投資機(jī)構(gòu)的同時(shí)，已逐步完成了自身生態(tài)圈體系的搭建。
2.1第一段當(dāng)中During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干擾) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street ―so I can focus. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
本段命題人對(duì)原文有一定的改編，首句起到一個(gè)引入主題的作用，但對(duì)文章整體核心信息并沒(méi)有密切的關(guān)聯(lián)性，所以篇章首句并非都是文本信息具有main idea 有提示作用的關(guān)鍵句（如很多文本解讀所述）。整體看，第一段內(nèi)容屬于中式思維改編，具有一定的跳躍性，但整體信息可以理解。第一段最后兩句的轉(zhuǎn)折從信息攝入角度看，因信息不足顯得牽強(qiáng)。此處，命題人命制了第一題：
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
其實(shí)本題的信息提示點(diǎn)遍布全文。只要讀懂全文，回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題就比較容易。但是僅僅從第一段信息來(lái)看，試題的答案的文本信息支持是不足的。而本文當(dāng)中如本題題干提示題境的the interviewer的選擇僅僅在第一段中提到，因此判斷其相關(guān)性很牽強(qiáng)。作為考試題答案選擇A。第一段最后一句是一個(gè)過(guò)渡句，引起下文提到的研究。但是命題人改編刪減后，下文提到的研究所表述的內(nèi)容和原文的核心信息發(fā)生了偏離，同時(shí)“開(kāi)放辦公環(huán)境”和“聯(lián)合/共享區(qū)域辦公”的差異性沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。使得文章主體信息發(fā)生了偏離。但是不影響做題。
2.2文本第二段：The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分貝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group―those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
但在70分貝噪音環(huán)境中（和咖啡廳里的噪音水平非常接近）的那一組在創(chuàng)造性思維測(cè)試中的表現(xiàn)是遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)其它組的表現(xiàn)的。此外，我們的創(chuàng)造性思維水平在完全安靜的環(huán)境中和在85分貝的背景噪音環(huán)境中其實(shí)并沒(méi)有多大差別。此處闡述研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人們工作環(huán)境的噪音分貝對(duì)人們創(chuàng)造性思維的影響。信息直觀陳述。下一題：33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
Total silence. B. 50 decibels. C. 70 decibels. D. 85 decibels. 因?yàn)轭}干信息提示非常具體―― promote creative thinking ability，回讀文章however,the participants in the 70 decibels group―those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups.既可以選擇答案為C。此處，從做題角度需要考生讀懂幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵數(shù)字（分貝）相關(guān)聯(lián)的信息。上句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜巨，把破折號(hào)部分去掉，理解outperform基本就可以理解此處信息點(diǎn)，選擇正確答案。
2.3 文本第三段和第四段
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise―not too loud and not total silence―may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind ofdistracted focusappears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
這兩段信息也是經(jīng)過(guò)命題人以自己的思維模式刪減改編的。整體上已經(jīng)偏離了原文所要傳遞的科學(xué)規(guī)范的邏輯思路和信息。變成了命題人自己的thoughts。所以從文章精準(zhǔn)信息傳遞上比較欠缺嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。第三段所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容基本屬于相關(guān)研究結(jié)果。屬于對(duì)“開(kāi)放式辦公環(huán)境”噪音影響思維的一個(gè)研究作證，但并非是“開(kāi)放式”辦公環(huán)境思維能力受干擾的直接相關(guān)因素。直接因素是：熟悉環(huán)境下人們交談等內(nèi)容對(duì)聽(tīng)者所引發(fā)的代入感才是真正的“干擾”。此處命題：
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
題干提示下的四個(gè)備選答案ABC三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文中基本沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)相關(guān)信息。只有D可以被選為正確答案。此題的問(wèn)題在于背離真實(shí)科學(xué)信息而設(shè)立的情境。那么這種閱讀理解以及閱讀理解考查就是虛假的理解測(cè)評(píng)。
35.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He's a news reporter. B. He’s on office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
最后一個(gè)題目設(shè)置的比較頭重腳輕，需要回到文章首句。基本就可以選擇答案了。這個(gè)題目從測(cè)試目標(biāo)看效果不太理想。
總結(jié)：本文內(nèi)容特色提及了關(guān)于“人腦對(duì)于噪音”的影響反應(yīng)。屬于科普知識(shí)。但是文章語(yǔ)境涉及的是辦公環(huán)境，是學(xué)生所不熟悉的信息。與學(xué)生生活學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)性不大。同時(shí)，此類研究并非學(xué)術(shù)界主流話題研究，非熱點(diǎn)話題。文章經(jīng)過(guò)刪減改變后信息傳遞發(fā)生了本質(zhì)變化，違背了傳遞真實(shí)信息的原則，也就是，讀者攝取的可能是不真實(shí)的信息。這是本文文本所變現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。本篇高考閱讀理解難度從考場(chǎng)答題角度來(lái)說(shuō)屬于中等或中等偏下。題目設(shè)置以及干擾項(xiàng)并非很完整。
A few years ago, during a media interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still ponder often. Ranting about the level of distraction in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street ― so I can focus.”
While I fully support the backlash against open offices, the comment struck me as odd. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout.
But I recently came across a series of studies examining the effect of sound on the brain that reveals why his strategy works.
From previous research, we know that workers’ primary problem with open or cubicle-filled offices is the unwanted noise.
But new research shows that it may not be the sound itself that distracts us…it may be who is making it. In fact, some level of office banter in the background might actually benefit our ability to do creative tasks, provided we don’t get drawn into the conversation. Instead of total silence, the ideal work environment for creative work has a little bit of background noise. That’s why you might focus really well in a noisy coffee shop, but barely be able to concentrate in a noisy office.
One study, published in the Journal of Consumer Research, found that the right level of ambient noise triggers our minds to think more creatively. The researchers, led by Ravi Mehta of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.
Participants were randomized into four groups and everyone was asked to complete a Remote Associates Test (a commonly used measurement that judges creative thinking by asking test-takers to find the relationship between a series of words that, as first glance, appear unrelated). Depending on the group, participants were exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group (those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop) significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking doesn’t differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise ― the equivalent of a loud garbage disposal or a quiet motorcycle. Since none of us presumably want to work next to a garbage disposal or motorcycle, I found this surprising.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise ― not too loud and not total silence ― may actually boost one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may disrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This type of “distracted focus” appears to be the optimal state for working on creative tasks. As the authors write, “Getting into a relatively noisy environment may trigger the brain to think abstractly, and thus generate creative ideas.”
In another study, researchers used frontal lobe electroencephalographic (EEG) machines to study the brain waves of participants as they completed tests of creativity while exposed to various sound environments. The researchers found statistically significant changes in creativity scores and a connection between those scores and certain brain waves. As in the previous study, a certain level of white noise proved the ideal background sound for creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The quiet chatter of colleagues and the gentle thrum of the HVAC should help us focus. The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations or from being interrupted while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the EEG researchers found that face-to-face interactions, conversations, and other disruptions negatively affect the creative process. By contrast, a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of ambient noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
Taken together, the lesson here is that the ideal space for focused work is not about freedom from noise, but about freedom from interruption. Finding a space you can hide away in, regardless of how noisy it is, may be the best strategy for making sure you get the important work done.
原文翻譯：
相信很多人都有這樣的感受：在很吵的咖啡廳能夠非常專注地工作，但在開(kāi)放式的辦公室卻很難做到專注。究竟為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象呢？研究表明，適當(dāng)水平的環(huán)境噪音能激發(fā)我們的思維進(jìn)行更有創(chuàng)造性地思考。讓我們?cè)诠ぷ髦蟹中牡目赡懿⒉皇窃胍舯旧恚鞘钦l(shuí)制造的這些聲音。在開(kāi)放式的辦公室，我們通常無(wú)法阻止自己被其他人的談話內(nèi)容所吸引和帶入，或是當(dāng)我們想集中注意力時(shí)卻經(jīng)常被其他人打斷和打擾。適合專注工作的理想工作環(huán)境并不是沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)噪音的安靜環(huán)境，而是一種不會(huì)受到他人打斷和干擾的環(huán)境。
幾年前，有一位媒體記者朋友針對(duì)我剛出版的一本新書(shū)對(duì)我做了一次專訪，專訪期間，這位媒體記者說(shuō)的一段讓我至今都經(jīng)常思考的話。他說(shuō)，他所在的開(kāi)放式辦公環(huán)境的噪音讓他非常容易分心，對(duì)此他已經(jīng)忍無(wú)可忍，于是他在公司辦公樓街對(duì)面的一個(gè)聯(lián)合辦公空間辦了一個(gè)會(huì)員，他在那里能更加專注地工作。
開(kāi)放式的辦公環(huán)境的各種噪音容易讓人分心，對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)我非常認(rèn)同，也深有體會(huì)。但是這位記者朋友說(shuō)到的聯(lián)合辦公空間能夠讓他更加專注地工作，這一點(diǎn)卻讓我很難理解。畢竟聯(lián)合辦公空間通常采用的也是開(kāi)放式的辦公布局。
但是最近當(dāng)我看了一系列研究聲音對(duì)大腦的影響方面的文章后，我才開(kāi)始理解為什么我的那位媒體朋友為了能專注地工作而選擇在聯(lián)合辦公空間工作而不愿在自己的開(kāi)放式辦公室工作。
根據(jù)之前的研究，我們知道，開(kāi)放式辦公環(huán)境讓大家最頭疼的一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是有各種大家不想聽(tīng)到的噪音。
但是最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，讓我們?cè)诠ぷ髦蟹中牡目赡懿⒉皇锹曇舯旧恚鞘钦l(shuí)制造的這些聲音。實(shí)際上，適度的辦公室幽默和閑言笑語(yǔ)對(duì)我們完成一些創(chuàng)造性的工作是有幫助的，只要我們自己不被這種閑言笑語(yǔ)帶進(jìn)去就行。適合創(chuàng)造性工作的理想工作環(huán)境其實(shí)并不是那種一點(diǎn)噪音都沒(méi)有的絕對(duì)安靜的環(huán)境，而是有那種有適度水平的背景噪音的環(huán)境。這也是為什么你能夠在一個(gè)有點(diǎn)吵的咖啡廳里專注工作，而在一個(gè)嘈雜的辦公室里卻很難集中精力工作。
《消費(fèi)者研究周刊》發(fā)布的一份研究報(bào)告顯示，適當(dāng)水平的環(huán)境噪音能激發(fā)我們的思維進(jìn)行更有創(chuàng)造性地思考。伊利諾伊大學(xué)香檳分校的Ravi Mehta教授帶領(lǐng)一些研究人員做了這樣一項(xiàng)研究：研究了不同水平的噪音是如何影響那些正在進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維測(cè)試的研究對(duì)象的。
研究對(duì)象被隨機(jī)分為四組，每個(gè)人都被要求完成一項(xiàng)遠(yuǎn)距離聯(lián)想測(cè)試（注：研究創(chuàng)造力問(wèn)題的一種測(cè)驗(yàn)方法。通常，提供幾個(gè)相隔較遠(yuǎn)的詞組，猜測(cè)它們共同的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。如，“鹽 、 深 、 沫”，它的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是“海”。創(chuàng)造性思考是將聯(lián)想得來(lái)的元素重新整合的過(guò)程。新結(jié)合的元素相互之間聯(lián)想的距離越遠(yuǎn)，這個(gè)思維的過(guò)程或問(wèn)題的解決就更有創(chuàng)造力。有創(chuàng)造力的人的聯(lián)想不同于一般人。有創(chuàng)造力的人他們有廣泛的聯(lián)想，一個(gè)元素可以與許多其他元素連接；而一般人的元素連接則比較少）。以組為單位，我們會(huì)為研究對(duì)象在測(cè)試過(guò)程中設(shè)置不同水平的噪音，從完全的靜音到50分貝、70分貝和85分貝的噪音。大部分分組之間的差異其實(shí)并不是太大，但在70分貝噪音環(huán)境中（和咖啡廳里的噪音水平非常接近）的那一組在創(chuàng)造性思維測(cè)試中的表現(xiàn)是遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)其它組的表現(xiàn)的。此外，我們的創(chuàng)造性思維水平在完全安靜的環(huán)境中和在85分貝的背景噪音環(huán)境中其實(shí)并沒(méi)有多大差別。
因?yàn)樵?0分貝的噪音環(huán)境中的那一組的研究對(duì)象在創(chuàng)造性思維測(cè)試中的表現(xiàn)明顯好于其它組，因此研究認(rèn)為，恰當(dāng)水平的背景噪音（噪音不是太大，也不太過(guò)安靜）實(shí)際上是有助于提高一個(gè)人的創(chuàng)造性思維能力的。恰當(dāng)水平的背景噪音可能會(huì)打亂我們正常的思維模式，使我們的想象力得以漫游，但又不至于會(huì)讓我們無(wú)法集中注意力。這種“分心式的專注”能夠讓我們以最佳狀態(tài)完成創(chuàng)造性任務(wù)。正如作者所寫(xiě)的的那樣：“在一個(gè)相對(duì)嘈雜的環(huán)境中可能會(huì)刺激我們的大腦進(jìn)行更加抽象性地思考，從而產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造性的想法。”
在另一項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)研究對(duì)象在不同水平的噪音環(huán)境下完成創(chuàng)造性思維測(cè)試的時(shí)候，研究人員使用額葉腦電圖（EEG）機(jī)器來(lái)研究研究對(duì)象的腦電波。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究對(duì)象的創(chuàng)造性思維的表現(xiàn)分?jǐn)?shù)在不同噪音環(huán)境下的變化是非常大的，同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)與特定的腦電波是有緊密聯(lián)系的。和此前的研究結(jié)果一樣，一定水平的白噪音環(huán)境是完成創(chuàng)造性任務(wù)的理想環(huán)境。
所以問(wèn)題來(lái)了：為什么我們中的大部分人都討厭在開(kāi)放式的辦公室里辦公呢？同事們之間小聲安靜的交談和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)制造的柔和聲音應(yīng)該是能幫助我們集中注意力的。但問(wèn)題是，在我們所處的開(kāi)放式辦公室里，我們通常無(wú)法阻止自己被其他人的談話內(nèi)容所吸引和帶入，或是當(dāng)我們想集中注意力時(shí)卻經(jīng)常被其他人打斷和打擾。事實(shí)上，腦電圖研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，面對(duì)面的交流、交談和其他干擾會(huì)對(duì)人們的創(chuàng)造性工作過(guò)程產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。相比之下，聯(lián)合辦公空間或咖啡館提供了一定程度的陌生環(huán)境噪音，同時(shí)也能讓自己免受他人的打擾，不會(huì)有人在你努力集中注意力工作的時(shí)候走過(guò)來(lái)打斷你、干擾你。
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我們通過(guò)上述這些研究成果學(xué)到的是：適合專注工作的理想工作環(huán)境并不是沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)噪音都沒(méi)有的決定安靜的環(huán)境，而是一種不會(huì)受到他人打斷和干擾的環(huán)境。因此，找到一個(gè)你可以沉浸進(jìn)去專注工作的環(huán)境，不管這個(gè)環(huán)境有多嘈雜，這才是確保你能完成重要工作的最佳策略。
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